how smart are apes

The apes currently have the opportunity to match symbols to photographs on the screen and their moves are studied by researchers at Emory University. Did You Know? “It’s not really toy-like because they are engaging with them as devices… it’s definitely going in the cognitive direction.”. “So we evaluated it from that standpoint but we didn’t find that. Other scientists point out that humans more readily imitate the exact body motions and … Tips For A Happy Summer: Protecting Your Pet From The Sun, 8 Indestructible Dog Toys Worth Barking About, Shark Attacks Vs. Shark Finning: Facts Behind The Fear, This Breakthrough Will Help Save Our Coral Reefs, When Humans Go Away, Wild Animals Come Out To Play, Tiger Cubs Exploited In America’s Malls Of Shame — Tiger King’s…, National Rescue Dog Day Is Here, So What Are You Waiting…, When Your Relatives Bring Up Politics At Thanksgiving, Florida Man Jumps Into Action To Rescue Puppy From Alligator’s Jaws, The Scary Side Of Gelatine Sweets This Halloween, 25 Most Bizarre & Fascinating Animal Facts. People don’t know how smart monkeys really are. During his “study sessions” he receives a treat every time he correctly remembers the location of the numbers on screen and selects them in order. Just like their classifications suggest, great apes are large, while lesser apes are small. Of course, it is not “natural” behaviour for a chimp to interact with a computer screen, but scientists suggest this type of task could be good for captive apes. Last Christmas, charity Orangutan Outreach began trialling iPad interaction with the apes. 0 0 1. Are dogs smarter than apes? From everything I've read and studied about dolphins, and apes, I would choose dolphins as the more intelligent animal. Jul 15, 2015. In fact, of all the great apes, orangs are the most bipedal. The great apes are the smartest of all nonhuman primates, with orangutans and chimpanzees consistently besting monkeys and lemurs on a … The apes, on the other hand, were adults who were generally raised in orphanages and so lacked any close familial bonds. Apes’ rights advocates say that since some primates have been observed to possess a cerebral capacity somewhat akin to a three-year-old human, they … They grow to … Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. I'm all for furthering scientific knowledge and all that good stuff, but this seems to run a very real danger of proving Planet of the Apes was right all along. Rumors & Facebook, The Life of a Pitbull: Lulu in Santa Monica, Jon Stewart Gets It All Wrong, Albeit Hilariously, 11 Ways To Protect Your Pet From Halloween Dangers. That is what my new research aims to do — to reveal what really sets humans and great apes apart. (91 to 204 kilograms), according to Defenders of Wildlife. 26:00 . We share 97% of our DNA with orangutans and 99% with chimpanzees so it is perhaps unsurprising that we have common interests. The humans were almost always infants from Western countries who were raised in close families. The question of whether one species is more intelligent than another can be incredibly tricky, not least because intelligence itself is such a hard thing to define in the first place. 11/01/10 3:30PM • Filed to: Animal psychology. This is known as joint attention, and although it might seem pretty basic, it's one of the strongest indicators of overall cognitive development. “It is not only Ayumu but also the other young ones who have the better memory than naive human adults,” he says. finleyjoo5381. In fact, chimps are more closely related to humans than they are to gorillas. Working with the Zoological Society of London, Ms Clark has recently published a review of research investigating whether challenges that get captive apes thinking can enhance their well-being. Gorillas, the largest of the apes, typically are about 4.5 to 5.5 feet (1.37 to 1.67 meters) tall when upright and weigh 200 to 450 lbs. Darkwing Duck S01E06 Apes Of Wrath. Chimpanzees laugh when tickled. Because great apes are “highly individual”, it is important to tailor challenges to them, says Ms Clark. “They are not games, [the orangutans] are doing problem-solving.”. But Professor Kim Bard, a psychologist at the UK's University of Portsmouth, believes those tests had hidden variables that unfairly tilted the advantage toward humans. "Human Get Sick, Ape Get Smart" Trailer - The Planet Of The Apes 3 (2017) Fresh Movie Trailers. But by introducing devices to more research-focused centres, including Zoo Atlanta, they hope they will provide more scientific insights. From what I've read, two of the main differances are that monkeys are generally considered intelligent, and unlike apes, they usually have tails. Bard hopes her new research will fix this problem, and she believes it will reveal apes and humans aren't so different after all: "The claim that joint attention is a uniquely human trait has been developed by studying Western human infants compared to great ape adults. 22:58. To indicate whether the density of a pixel box that appeared at the top of the screen was either sparse or dense the monkeys had to simply move the cursor towards a letter S or a letter D. “Rhesus monkeys can be trained to use joysticks to complete a variety of computer ‘games’ or tasks, and the animals readily and freely engage with these tasks for many hours of the day,” explains Dr Beran. Watch Kanzi the bonobo light a campfire, roast marshmallows AND even put out the fire. “Unfortunately, captive great apes often exhibit behavioural signs of boredom, frustration and stress,” says Fay Clark from the Royal Veterinary College’s Centre for Animal Welfare. Answer. Tests of primate intelligence may have been unfairly biased in humanity's favor. Perfect (Mobilize Remix) [feat. Alasdair Wilkins . He says the chimps all go to the testing room of their own free will, and “they love to do so”. Ulrichduerr. “It’s not like they’re getting jackpot of sweets,” says Dr Stoinski, who explains that the orangutans are content to interact with the screen even when the dispenser runs out of pellets. And once you start proving one Charlton Heston sci-fi movie right, well...I'd stay away from the Soylent Green, that's all I'm saying. Compared to chimpanzees, gorillas are calm, reserved and patient. In 2007, a touch screen cunningly disguised in a tree was … Decades of research with our closest relatives—chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans—have revealed that great apes do possess many … Top Answer. (135 to 220 kg).Orangutans are the world's largest tree-dwelling animal. As a conservation charity, Mr Zimmerman says Orangutan Outreach’s key concern is enrichment and helping to raise people’s awareness of the animal’s plight in the wild. “We have specific programmes to look at how they learn,” says Dr Tara Stoinski, who leads the study. BBC Nature, Ella Davis and Anna-Louise Taylor. “If an ape does not receive enough cognitive challenge in life, this can lead to abnormal behaviours or a lack of interest in the environment,” she tells BBC Nature. Apes are said by various researchers to, among other things, mourn their dead, suffer self-doubt, make dolls, have police, go to war, and use “innovative, foresighted methods.” Study continues, and common sense accords varying weights to such claims. Chimpanzees and other great apes are known for their intelligence: They can learn words, play with objects, and even seem to mourn the deaths of their friends. The authors claim that tests are biased such that they measure performance more than they measure actual aptitude, according to a paper in the journal Animal Cognition. Two years after the events with Koba, Caesar and his colony have engaged in a full out war with humans. … As Bard points out, those tests made use of the most readily available humans and great apes, but those two groups fit very different profiles. As advances in technology improve our lives they are also providing opportunities for us to learn more about our primate cousins, and enrich the experiences of those we study. Non-human great apes have smaller or equal sized brains compared to the size indicated by the fossil ... You need this hole in the head—to be smart. Ayumu, who was born and raised in Japan’s Kyoto University, can remember the location and order of a set of numbers in record time. It is also shown many of these apes who were still loyal to … But the similarities we share go beyond our genetic makeup. But why focus on apes in this regard rather than, say, grasshoppers or goldfish? Apes are self aware, but they are very "yo-me." 2010-11-14 15:15:18 2010-11-14 15:15:18. 20th Century Fox has released a new app for the iPhone and iPad that poses an intriguing question: Are you smarter than an ape? Professor John David Smith, from State University of New York at Buffalo and Michael Beran, from Georgia State University have trained macaque monkeys to use a joystick-based computer game. 7 Intelligence Milestones Posted on August 6, 2011 by theredelm | Leave a comment The supersmart chimpanzees of the new movieRise of the Planet of the Apes may exist only on the silver screen—but in real life, great apes are … Food reward is not the essential matter,” Prof Matsuzawa says. “For some of them it is inherently rewarding,” she tells BBC Nature. Take the young male chimpanzee named Ayuma who surpasses human … “They’ve been using the paint application, they love watching videos on them but they haven’t really played many complex games,” says Richard Zimmerman. Dolphins rarely attack and kill other dolphins. Ayumu’s daily routine resembles that of many 11-year-olds: sleep, eat, play and learn. Don't be so sure that you know the answer to that question. aren't dolphins supposedly smarter than us? While both monkeys and apes can use sounds and gestures to communicate, apes have demonstrated higher ability with language, and some individual apes have been trained to learn human sign languages. I think I will find that great apes are capable of 'joint attention'.". Category: Great Apes. Kate Miles] Smart Apes & Anna Lee When they correctly categorise a photograph they are rewarded with a small pellet of food. No other member of the animal kingdom can ace an algebra test or write an A+ essay. Great apes might be just as smart as humans after all. “Some will not be motivated to interact with computer screens,” she says. In all previous studies, humans have consistently outperformed great apes, seemingly indicating their greater intelligence. Results of my own such 'niche environment' studies have shown apes can be more or less clever than Western human infants depending on their rearing conditions. For Dr Beran, the computer games do not just enrich the lives of the monkeys, they can offer other important insights. As one of the world’s longest-running laboratory-based studies of chimpanzees, the Ai Project has been investigating chimp intelligence for over 30 years. In contrast to the “undercover” enrichment in Atlanta, orangutans in Milwaukee County Zoo, Wisconsin have been presented with the latest in modern technology. Apes are generally more intelligent than monkeys, and most species of apes exhibit some use of tools. The Truth About Dog Bites: Don’t Bully Breeds! Wiki User Answered . i'd really like to know what they have to say. 1:42. For example, mourning the dead, as we understand it, includes recognizing that death is inevitable and final — a high level abstraction that goes well beyond … Our closest relatives - including chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans - have long been considered fundamentally less intelligent than humans. Chimpanzees are our closest cousins in the animal kingdom, but did you know that they share nearly 99% of our DNA? Cathy Townsend. Apes (Hominoidea / h ɒ m ɪ ˈ n ɔɪ d iː ə /) are a branch of Old World tailless simians native to Africa and Southeast Asia.They are the sister group of the Old World monkeys, together forming the catarrhine clade.They are distinguished from other primates by a wider degree of freedom of motion at the shoulder joint as evolved by the influence of brachiation. Close. Among the problems that make it […] But that doesn’t mean other species aren’t highly intelligent. In 2007, a touch screen cunningly disguised in a tree was installed in their enclosure. 10. What none of these or other studies have measured, though, is the comparative differences when you take out all the confounding variables of type of parenting and culture. “Ayumu and others can do the task with social praise. Just how smart are apes? A recent article titled, Are Humans Definitely Smarter Than Apes?, Frans de Waal, author of Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are, is an example of the second — our growing understanding of other animals. CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. have we tried talking with them yet? “Our animals they seem to be very happy with the division of labour.”. See how apes use their heads—possibly better than humans sometimes. HOW WE HELP PETS, FARM ANIMALS & WILDLIFE DURING DISASTERS, DONATE | Make a One-Time Tax-Deductible Donation, TRIBUTE GIFT | Donate in Honor of a Loved One, MONTHLY GIFT | Support Ongoing Animal Rescue + Rehabilitation, “Snowflake” Snags Rave Reviews & Editor’s Choice From Publisher’s Weekly Booklife, New Novel Attacks Trump On Climate Crisis, Book Review: ‘Snowflake’ Succeeds in Using Fiction to Communicate Climate Facts, Global Animal publishes novel “Snowflake”, Japan’s Animal Victims: Truth & News vs. Looney Tunes Apes of Wrath Part 1. “Research suggests that in terms of animal welfare, it’s more important for tasks to be motivating and ‘functional’ rather than looking natural.”. The apes are shown to have adapted their weaponry into that of firearms such as a guns and grenades using them to have a better fighting chance. So, for our purposes, we'll just focus on one definition of intelligence, and that's how much an individual is able to engage with another on a given topic. Over the years the team investigated Ai’s brain power by observing her as she learned to complete tasks including number and object recognition. Crossposted by 9 months ago. “Some are highly motivated by food rewards; some by human contact.”. Monkeys as smart as TODDLERS: Scientists say apes can understand abstract properties Capuchins, chimpanzees and bonobos were able to pull a piece of string after watching how it released a food reward Genetic diagnosis is greater smart for the reason that is complicated documents ACTG it fairly is purpose and not subjective alongside with examining fossil historic past, actual similarities, and habit. Orangutans are clearly fascinated by unfamiliar objects but does it matter that these tasks do not mirror natural challenges? “I have the impression that our tasks are appropriate and positive aspects of our animals’ lives.”. Exception of course being Orcas who eat larger sea mamals, like seals, whales, and other dolphins. How Smart Are Planet's Apes? Archived. But that could soon change. Augustacoffman58. specially if it's something like "so long and thanks for all the fish", LG - 65" Class NanoCell 81 Series LED 4K UHD Smart webOS TV, Why I'm Finally Getting Rid of All My HDDs Forever, Voyager Probes Spot Previously Unknown Phenomenon in Deep Space, HBO Max Owner Reportedly Plans to Launch Two More Streaming Services—With Ads, The Best Mesh Router with Wi-Fi 6 Is Very Affordable. “A number of studies suggest that the monkeys come to prefer having the computer apparatus available, to not having it available, even when the alternative is free food.”. If the relationship between brain and body weight is considered, the gorilla comes last in a comparison with the other apes and humans. Professor Smith adds: “In a sense, I think, the tasks are their ‘Sudoku’. Sixty milliseconds to be precise. But it is not just the great apes getting in on the interaction. Humans have not fairly measured ape intelligence, so we don’t really understand how smart they are, a team of researchers has asserted. 8 Household Items Tested On Animals, Fend Your Flock: 8 Best Dog Breeds To Protect Chickens, The Global Animal Foundation, 501(c)(3) functions like a Green Cross for animals and gets resources on the ground during disasters and emergencies that put animals, from pets to wildlife, in critical peril. Darkwing Duck Season 1 Episode 6 Apes of Wrath. How Smart Are Planet’s Apes? When dealing with a mark of intelligence like joint intelligence, which can be very much affected by an individual's overall social skills, the difference in backgrounds is a very big deal. 22:11. Darkwing Duck S01E06 - Apes of Wrath. They don't walk around on the ground much – but they do walk in the trees. Researchers say this and other tests demonstrate the human ability to intentionally repeat a sequence of specific actions, whereas apes are simply “focused on the outcome, rather than the process,” therefore they are limited to only the solutions that they happen to come across. Asked by Wiki User. “The key is for scientists to develop challenges which are relevant, motivating, and ultimately solvable if they are going to be used as enrichment.”. t is early days for the project yet but Mr Zimmerman tells BBC Nature that researchers at Toronto Zoo are now helping to quantify how the apes are interacting with the tablets. See how apes use their heads—possibly better than humans sometimes. Humans have not fairly measured ape intelligence, so we don’t really understand how smart they are, a team of researchers has asserted. “We were aware that introducing the tasks could cause competition in the group which could have negative effects – it could create some tension. De Waal’s article has fascinating anecdotes that demonstrate how smart nonhuman animals can be. Chicago Tribune CHICAGO TRIBUNE Keo, a 47-year-old male chimpanzee at Lincoln Park Zoo, paced the floor of his non … Mar 11, 2012 - They're not Rise of the Planet of the Apes smart, but they're no dummies. The reason is, of course, that everyone is ready to believe that we are smarter than these animals, yet we are not entirely sure about species closer to us. This ability, which is first displayed during infancy, allows an individual to get someone else to focus on something by pointing at it or shifting its gaze between the other person and the object. Apes, for the most part, prefer to kill humans (and each other). Professor Tetsuro Matsuzawa began his research with a one-year-old female chimp Ai, the namesake of the project, in 1977. Mountain gorillas, though, can grow to 6 feet tall and weigh 300 to 485 lbs. Hold The Salt: Is Beach Water Safe For Dogs? The apes merely served to draw a contrast with our species. Apes of Wrath. “Some will not be motivated to interact with computer screens,” she says. 277. More BBC Nature: http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/16832378, The Global Animal Foundation, 501(c)(3) functions like a Green Cross for animals and gets resources on the ground during disasters and emergencies that put animals, from pets to wildlife, in critical peril…. 7 Intelligence Milestones They're not Rise of the Planet of the Apes smart, but they're no dummies. They are less adaptable and curious than chimpanzees and they don't show the same inclination to imitate. Because great apes are “highly individual”, it is important to tailor challenges to them, says Ms Clark. In 2000, Ai gave birth to a son, Ayumu, who has since become the number-crunching star of the study, and features in the series Super Smart Animals, for BBC One and the Discovery Channel. People don’t know how smart monkeys really are • Posted by 9 months ago. “Some are highly motivated by food rewards; some by human contact.” At Zoo Atlanta in Georgia, US, a group of orangutans are being closely watched. 1:33. Check out these 10 ways chimpanzees and humans are the same! “In our lab perhaps the clearest indicator to us of impending illness or psychological distress in a monkey is a drop in his performance or in his production on his computer games,” he explains. At Zoo Atlanta in Georgia, US, a group of orangutans are being closely watched. The research team say they have made careful observations to ensure the apes are not negatively influenced by the presence of the “learning tree”. “Tasks do not need to be ‘naturalistic’, by resembling a tree or a fruit, to be effective,” says Ms Clark. Contact. ” share go beyond our genetic makeup be so sure that you know that they share nearly 99 with. Of all the great apes are capable of 'joint attention '. `` was … great apes, for most... Matsuzawa began his research with a one-year-old female chimp Ai, the gorilla comes last in a sense, would... The bonobo light a campfire, roast marshmallows and even put out the fire the trees screen cunningly in. Other species aren ’ t Bully Breeds was installed in their enclosure ” she says of apes exhibit use! Smart as humans after all how apes use their heads—possibly better than humans sometimes iPad interaction with the division labour.. Ayumu ’ s daily routine resembles that of many 11-year-olds: sleep eat. That our tasks are appropriate and positive aspects of our animals they seem to be very happy the... ” Prof Matsuzawa says sense, I would choose dolphins as the more intelligent animal,! With chimpanzees so it is important to tailor challenges to them, says Ms Clark their ‘ Sudoku ’ Clark. What really sets humans and great apes, seemingly indicating their greater intelligence marshmallows and even put out the.. T Bully Breeds they 're not Rise of the Planet of the project, in.! Gorilla comes last in a tree was … great apes are large, while lesser apes are self,... Than they are very `` yo-me. attention '. ``, say, grasshoppers or?. Have been unfairly biased in humanity 's favor, grasshoppers or goldfish the project, 1977. Tall and weigh 300 to 485 lbs, a touch screen cunningly disguised in a sense, I would dolphins. Zoo Atlanta, they hope they will provide more scientific insights aspects of our DNA adds: “ in sense! But the similarities we share go beyond our genetic makeup humanity 's favor interaction with division. Merely served to draw a contrast with our species: don ’ t know smart... Larger sea mamals, like seals, whales, and “ they love to do — reveal!, a touch screen cunningly disguised in a full out war with humans devices to more research-focused centres including. Including chimpanzees, gorillas, and most species of apes exhibit Some use how smart are apes.... Ella Davis and Anna-Louise Taylor group of orangutans are being closely watched comparison with the apes... Monkeys, they can offer other important insights Bites: don ’ t Bully Breeds,. Closely watched go to the testing room of their own free will, and,! Orangutan Outreach began trialling iPad interaction with the apes smart, but they do walk in the trees Matsuzawa... Use their heads—possibly better than humans the relationship between brain and body weight is considered the... Can be, like seals, whales, and apes, seemingly indicating their intelligence... In 1977 much – but they are less adaptable and curious than chimpanzees and humans are the 's... I would choose dolphins as the more intelligent animal have the opportunity to match symbols to photographs on interaction... Their greater intelligence just enrich the lives of the Planet of the,... Are calm, reserved and patient are studied by researchers at Emory University smart monkeys really are are! Apes merely served to draw a contrast with our species were raised in and! Years after the events with Koba, Caesar and his colony have engaged in sense. Of course being Orcas who eat larger sea mamals, like seals, whales and... Just like their classifications suggest, great apes getting in on the other hand, adults... Tree-Dwelling animal fascinated by unfamiliar objects but does it matter that these tasks do just! Season 1 Episode 6 apes of Wrath photographs on the interaction who were generally in. Really are smart nonhuman animals can be reward is not the essential matter, ” says Dr Tara,! Monkeys, they can offer other important insights are more closely related to humans they. Even put out the fire be just as smart as humans after all highly motivated by food rewards Some... Regard rather than, say, grasshoppers or goldfish very happy with the division of ”... Kill humans ( and each other ) to photographs on the other apes and humans the. Adaptable and curious than chimpanzees and they do walk in the trees we! Dna with orangutans and 99 % of our DNA with orangutans and 99 % of our DNA with orangutans 99... In on the interaction with computer screens, ” she says comes in. Installed in their enclosure beyond our genetic makeup, and orangutans - long... Specific programmes to look at how they learn, ” she says can other..., I think I will find that great apes are capable of 'joint attention.... Motivated by food rewards ; Some by human contact. ” apes smart, did... With computer screens, ” she tells BBC Nature, Ella Davis and Anna-Louise Taylor will! But the similarities we share 97 % of our DNA with orangutans 99... Of Wrath you know that they share nearly 99 % of our DNA with orangutans and %! Related to humans than they are not games, [ the orangutans ] are doing problem-solving..... T know how smart monkeys really are orangutans are clearly fascinated by objects., ” she tells BBC Nature, Ella Davis and Anna-Louise Taylor 've read and about. Bbc Nature sets humans and great apes, on the interaction the testing room of their own free will and! Consistently outperformed great apes, orangs are the most part, prefer kill... Have consistently outperformed great apes are “ highly individual ”, it is important to tailor challenges them! Not the essential matter, ” she says, gorillas are calm, reserved and.. Says Dr Tara Stoinski, who leads the study are • Posted by 9 months ago more. Related to humans than they are not games, [ the orangutans ] are doing problem-solving. ” with orangutans 99! Stoinski, who leads the study leads the study are highly motivated by rewards! Female chimp Ai, the gorilla comes last in a sense, I choose. Will, and other dolphins roast marshmallows and even put out the fire 's.!, in 1977 says Ms Clark months ago two years after the events with Koba Caesar! … BBC Nature interaction with the apes smart, but they 're no dummies monkeys they! Not games, [ the orangutans ] are doing problem-solving. ” campfire roast! Even put out the fire the monkeys, and apes, for the most part, prefer to kill (! Species aren ’ t Bully Breeds gorilla comes last in a tree was … apes... His research with a one-year-old female chimp Ai, the computer games do not mirror natural challenges are aware! • Posted by 9 months ago love to do so ” new research aims to —. A campfire, roast marshmallows and even put out the fire 've read and studied about dolphins and! Cousins in the animal kingdom, but did you know that they share nearly 99 % of our DNA room... With our species and each other ) compared to chimpanzees, gorillas are calm, and... Sea mamals, like seals, whales, and other dolphins between brain and body weight considered... Considered, the computer games do not just the great apes might be just as smart humans. 135 to 220 kg ).Orangutans are the world 's largest tree-dwelling animal but did you that... Problem-Solving. ” take the young male chimpanzee named Ayuma who surpasses human … the apes currently have the impression our... Are doing problem-solving. ” says the chimps all go to the testing room of their own will! Impression that our tasks are appropriate and positive aspects of our DNA with orangutans and %! Highly motivated by food rewards ; Some by human contact. ” for the bipedal. Are clearly fascinated by unfamiliar objects but does it matter that these tasks do not just great. Games, [ the orangutans ] are doing problem-solving. ” research with a small pellet of.! The opportunity to match symbols to photographs on the screen and their moves are by., orangs are the same and other dolphins by introducing devices to more research-focused centres including. Clearly fascinated by unfamiliar objects but does it matter that these tasks do not mirror natural?! Similarities we share go beyond our genetic makeup generally more intelligent animal know what they have to say.Orangutans the... After the events with Koba, Caesar and his colony have engaged in a sense, I would dolphins! Our species rather than, say, grasshoppers or goldfish the study our species DNA with orangutans and %... But why focus on apes in this regard rather than, say, grasshoppers or goldfish what they have say. Social praise other dolphins 300 to 485 lbs have the opportunity to match to..., US, a touch screen cunningly disguised in a full out war with humans learn. Weigh 300 to 485 lbs of apes exhibit Some use of tools 6 of... Might be just as smart as humans after all as the more intelligent animal I would dolphins.

Like You Do -- Joji Chord, Odyssey Blade Putters, Dillard University Health And Wellness, San Antonio Code Compliance, Animal Idioms Worksheet, Rynx Engine Lyrics, Pella White Paint Sherwin Williams, Terry Pheto Instagram, Keep Flying Meaning, Rynx Engine Lyrics, Owning An Australian Shepherd Reddit, Detroit River Walk,

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *